For garnet with excess Si, charge balance can be maintained by paired substitution of divalent cations (M2+), such as Mg, for trivalent Al in the six-coordinated site of garnet structure (Ringwood 1967); thus, the B4 garnet described above probably had a six-coordinated site consisting of M2+ 0.017apfu966Si0.012 apfu (12 oxygen basis) prior to exsolution of clinopyroxene.
A practical consequence of redundancy is that errors in the third position of the triplet codon cause only a silent mutation or an error that would not affect the protein because the hydrophilicity or hydrophobicity is maintained by equivalent substitution of amino acids; for example, a codon of NUN (where N = any nucleotide) tends to code for hydrophobic amino acids.
When a substituting ion differs in charge, electrical neutrality is maintained by coupled substitutions.
Another likely hypothesis, however, is that self-administration behavior during the initial saline substitution sessions was maintained by light stimuli that had been previously associated with nicotine injections and continued to be presented in association with saline injections [17], [34].
In modern HDF, fluid balance is maintained by the infusion of 'online' prepared substitution fluid, which can be administered before the dialyser (pre-dilution), midway (mid-dilution) or after the dialyser (post-dilution).
In Germany, all clinicians who prescribe opioid substitution medication are registered in the national Substitution Register, a database maintained by the Federal Opium Agency of the Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte, BfArM).
A charge compensatory substitution can be seen when the overall charge is maintained by compensating the impact of mutation of A to C (positive to negative charge) by the simultaneous mutation of B to D (negative to positive charge).
The rates of nonsynonymous substitutions (dN) occurred at a higher frequency than that of synonymous substitutions (dS), suggesting the polymorphism of exon 2 seemed to be maintained by the balancing selection.
In contrast, analysis of patterns of nucleotide substitutions provided evidence that polymorphisms in the ama1 gene of both species are maintained by balancing selection, particularly in domain I.
However, some of these substitutions are neutral when the mutation does not affect protein function, and are maintained by genetic drift.
It is maintained by caucus staff.
