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To facilitate their use as drug delivery vehicles, we have considered three components of liposome design: (i) identification of candidate cell surface receptors for targeting; (ii) identification of ligands that maintain binding specificity and affinity; and (iii) prevention of rapid nonspecific clearance of liposomes into the reticuloendothelial organs.
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Unaltered binding affinity to the original antigen was demonstrated by ELISA and maintained binding specificity was proved by Western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Since monoclonal antibodies against prion protein can antagonize prion propagation, humanized scFv specific for the pathogenic form of the prion protein might become a potential therapeutic reagent.
Mutation at amino acid 223 from serine-to-asparagine (227 in H3) in a 2003 human H5N1 isolate (A/Hong Kong/213/03) maintained avian-like binding specificity of alpha 2-3 linked sialic acids but also had increased binding to alpha 2-6 siacid acid linkages [17].
Single-chain variable fragments (scFvs) are the smallest functional fragments of immunoglobulins that maintain the antigen-binding specificity of the parental molecule.
Intrinsic disorder is generally viewed as favoring rapid association and dissociation, while maintaining a balance between ligand binding specificity and affinity, and greater binding partner promiscuity.
The scFv is the smallest fragment of an antibody capable of maintaining the antigen-binding specificity, with excellent properties of solubility, stability, and expression in mammalian cells (16).
However, non-specific binding residues can help specific binding residues to increase binding specificity as well.
Therefore only a subset of mutations may actually alter substrate binding specificity or dynamics, whilst others may be compensatory to maintain structural stability.
Humanization via variable domain resurfacing is another approach that can maintain the specificity and binding affinity of parental antibody, which can reduce the immunogenicity of antibodies through the replacement of surface exposed residues in the murine FRs with those usually found in human antibodies [11], [12], [13], [14], [15].
Promiscuous binding to several protease targets demonstrates the emerging importance of quantitative studies on binding specificity.
In vitro binding and specificity were assessed for 125I-Fab, and binding, specificity and internalization were assessed for 111In-Fab using both H314 and A431 cells.
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