Finally, because of its tendencies to skew towards TH2 responses [16], [17], [18], [19] and enhance regulatory T cell survival [20], [21], [22], TLR2 signaling might play a major role in maintaining a suppressive environment in the colon.
However following TI, even if Treg cells maintained a suppressive function, the inadequate increase in the proportion of Tregs and/or the decrease in the absolute number of Tregs resulted in a failure to control immune activation.
Finally, Tregs maintained a suppressive activity long after the end of EPIT, which confirms that EPIT can be a powerful treatment for food allergies.
Our data demonstrated that pDCs from infected individuals who were able to maintain a low viral load without antiretroviral therapy manifested considerable HIV-suppressive activity.
The enhanced HIV-suppressive activities of pDCs from therapy-naïve infected individuals who maintain a low level of plasma viremia suggest that pDCs may play a role in the ability of these individuals to control HIV replication.
Those subsets bear IDO and arginase activities and exert a suppressive activity on T-cell proliferation.
We restimulated ATRA-expanded Tregs with anti-CD3 Ab-loaded K.64.86 cells to determine whether ATRA-expanded Tregs could also maintain their suppressive phenotype after an additional round of expansion in the presence of ATRA.
However, it is not clear from these studies how long these induced Tregs needed to maintain their suppressive phenotype to alter the disease course.
Our findings are of particular interest, as c-Rel is crucial for the induction of Foxp3 in regulatory T cells during thymic development, but has to be repressed in mature regulatory T cells to maintain their suppressive phenotype.
