To date, breast cancer has four main subtypes: luminal A, luminal B, basal-like, and human epidermal growth factor 2- (Henrichedriched [ 21].
With tremendous advances in sequencing and analysis in recent years, a wealth of genetic information has become available to identify and classify breast cancer into five main subtypes - luminal A, luminal B, claudin-low, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-enriched, and basal-like.
Breast cancer is commonly categorized into one of four main subtypes (luminal A, luminal B, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) positive and basal), indicating molecular characteristics and informing treatment regimes.
The luminal A and basal-like subtypes have been repeatedly identified and validated as the two main subtypes out of a total of five molecular subtypes of breast cancer.
Several strategies are currently being explored to circumvent this challenge, one of them is to design vaccine strategies based on multivalent formulations including antigens of the main subtypes circulating in a certain region.
Gene expression profiling has identified intrinsic molecular phenotypes of breast cancer that subclassify ER+ tumours into two main subtypes that predict outcome: luminal A and B, which can be distinguished by the presence of increased proliferation, HER-2 amplification and a less favourable prognosis in the latter group (Sorlie et al, 2001).
We further stratified the 16 breast cancer samples analyzed into the four main subtypes of breast cancer: ER (luminal A), ER/Her2 (luminal B), Her2 and Basal.
H1N1 is the main subtype influenza A virus circulating in human and swine population, and has long been a threat to economy and public health.
Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is the main subtype of a group of chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases, called the spondyloarthritides (SpA), which mainly affect the axial skeleton as well as the peripheral joints and entheses [1 3].
Intrinsic subtypes include two main subtypes: Estrogen-receptor (ER) positive tumors (termed Luminal A and B) and ER negative tumors (basal-like and human epidermal growth factor receptor-2-positive (Her2+) [ 4- 6].
