In the urinary bladder ATP is the main signalling molecule with a pivotal role in bladder fullness sensation and in various bladder disorders [ 55].
Comparison of various optogenetic actuators in this study has revealed that all of them share a common signalling effect in astrocytes, culminating in release of their main signalling molecule, ATP.
Mechanistically, we show that TsSP interacts with the mannose receptor (MR, CD206) and we identified PKC and in particular PKCδ as the main signalling molecule downstream of the MR responsible for the observed altered monocyte functions.
In Gram-negative bacteria including several aquaculture pathogens, such as Edwardsiella tarda, Aeromonas spp. and Vibrio spp., AHLs are the main signal molecules [ 27, 28].
In Figures 6a, HL60/ADR cells with cyclopamine treatment showed significantly decreased mRNA and protein levels of the main signal molecules of Hh pathway.
Recent years, the purinergic signaling pathway, where the extracellular ATP (adenosine triphosphate), ADP (adenosine diphosphate), and adenosine act as the main signaling molecules, has emerged as an important player in cancer progression [ 1].
Altered expression levels of the main signal molecules of the PI3K/Akt pathway in the mice group bearing BEL/FU tumors with wortmannin or Akt siRNA treatment were also validated using IHC staining, as shown in Figure 6d.
As shown in Figure 6a, BEL/FU cells with the inhibitor wortmannin and Akt siRNA treatment showed significantly decreased protein levels of the main signal molecules of the PI3K/Akt pathway.
Furthermore, these metastases-related effects can be reversed by the addition of an inhibitor to phosphatidylinositide 3-kinase (PI3-K), one of the main signaling molecules downstream of activated IR [ 27].
