Results showed that the main effect of proficiency is near-significant.
All participants who joined the main experiments took the proficiency test.
Assume that wage is an increasing function of two main components: 1) language proficiency (Chiswick and Miller, [1995]); and 2) the level (years of schooling) and/or the quality of education.
It is also reasonable to presume that the main investigator improved her proficiency diagnostic assessment during the data collection period.
Support for students with low English proficiency takes two main forms: pre-entry or foundation courses that aim to bump a student up from, say, Ielts 5.5 to 6.0; or, on-going support that is offered either as part of their normal programme of study, or as additional tuition.
In contrast, low-educated individuals may be precluded from entering high-paying occupations, regardless of their knowledge of the host language.7 This explanation is consistent with previous research by Di Paolo (2011), who finds that education and not Catalan language proficiency is the main channel for entering high-skilled occupations in the Spanish region of Catalonia.
It is possible that although proficiency is the main factor, order of acquisition interacts such that the native language retains much of its representational structure in the brain despite being used less frequently than the second-learned language (and it may even influence second-language representations [35]).
In the context of these findings, the present results suggest that regardless of modality, proficiency is the main factor in the recruitment of areas such as VOT and LOT during early encoding and late lexico-semantic processing stages, although other factors may contribute as well.
But Segerstrom Vice President of Education Talena Mara, sitting in the corner, said technical proficiency isn't the main point of the program.
Under the main federal education law, schools must achieve proficiency in math and reading by 2014, or risk sanctions.
Any lingering doubts about proficiency were erased by another main dish, his beautiful fillet of local golden tile fish over sautéed yellow foot chanterelles, asparagus and shaved fennel.
