Together, our studies highlight the key role of mitochondria in AD pathogenesis, and the close interrelationship of this organelle and the two main pathological hallmarks of this disease.
The two main pathological hallmarks of PSP include globose-type NFTs and tuft-shaped astrocytes, while other neurodegenerative tauopathies display different histological tau features [ 1, 11, 12].
Overexpression of DSH-1 and DSH-2 has been shown to inhibit GSK-3β mediated phosphorylation of tau protein, thus preventing the formation of NFTs (one of the main pathological hallmarks of AD), and increasing neuroprotection [ 44].
The main pathological hallmarks of AD are two types of protein deposits, amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles and the degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and the associated loss of cholinergic neurotransmission in the cerebral cortex and other areas.
Misfolded α-synuclein (aSyn) is the main protein component of Lewy bodies (LBs) – the primary pathological hallmark of PD – and aSyn has also been genetically linked to both familial and idiopathic forms of PD.
A well-defined pathological hallmark of AD is the degeneration of the neurons in the locus coeruleus, the main source of noradrenaline (NA) in the brain.
22 Indeed, a pathological hallmark of MS is the demyelination of axons and death of oligodendrocytes, which are the main cells responsible for myelin production.
Neuronal death is a pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease.
The pathological hallmark of HNPP is presence of tomacula, consisting of massive variable myelin overfolding [27].
Immune-complex-mediated, necrotizing, or leukocytoclastic small vessel-vasculitis is the pathological hallmark [9 11, 15].
