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At about 09 10, Hp began to decrease reaching a minimum at the time of the main onset.
We emphasize that in this case the onset of dipolarization was delayed relative to the main onset.
We take the time 09 37 09 39 when all indicators show sudden changes as the main onset of a substorm expansion.
The dashed black line is the local time of the GOES 11 spacecraft which was 40 min past midnight at the time of the main onset.
Sergeev et al. (2005) used spacecraft imaging and ground magnetometer data to identify what was referred to as a pseudobreakup (PBU) at 21 06 UT on September 8 , 2002 followed by a main onset at 21 18 UT.
When no auroral data are available, it is often difficult to determine from other indicators when the auroral expansion occurs and even with such data it is easy to confuse a brightening or pseudo breakup with the main onset.
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For all latitudes, the typical time delay between the main phase onset and the onset time of ionospheric negative storm is longer than 10 h, while it is shorter than 10 h for positive storm (expect at low and equatorial latitudes).
The regressor included also error trials not detected by the subject (misses) in order to remove these from the main analysis; onset of these undetected errors was set to 2 s after onset of the video clip, with a duration of 1 s.
We refer to this time as the "main substorm onset".
A vertical line at the time 04:26:21 UT shows what we later infer to be main substorm onset.
Approximately 70 ∼ 75% of tail lobe Bt and Bz change are associated with the main substorm onset.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com