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The most well-known escape mechanism developed by trypanosomes is the antigenic variation by which they successively exhibit various main membrane surface glycoproteins: the variant surface glycoprotein (VSG).
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Main determinants are electronegativity of membrane surface and its ability to bind plasma proteins, as well as complement activation, adhesion of platelets, and sludging of erythrocytes [ 30].
The simulated results indicated that the disk rotation speed is the main factor affecting shear stress on the membrane surface.
It is the osmotic backwash flux intensity, which is the main parameter that helps in dislodging the foulant deposited on the membrane surface.
Main differences with the previous design are an increased volume-specific membrane surface for oxygen transfer and significantly decreased sampling intervals.
An experimental setup is presented tailored towards reduction of the two main sources of risk for the concept, which are concentration polarization and scaling on the membrane surface.
The filter cake formed on the membrane surface composed of the TS-1 particles and the overoxidation by-products is the main reason of membrane fouling.
Due to density of EPS accumulated on the membrane surface caused trans-membrane pressure increase which finally results in flux decrease, the membrane fouling model adopted EPS concentration in mixed liquor and EPS density on membrane surface as main influence factors for trans-membrane pressure variation.
The second strategy is to clean the membrane chemically to remove foulants from the membrane surface.
Figure 1c shows nanostructural image of cell membrane, indicating the smooth and intact membrane surface structure.
These membrane antenna structures generally involve a membrane surface, support structures, and a tensioning system.
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