Insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) is one of the main mediators of the actions of growth hormone in promoting muscular and skeletal growth [14 16].
Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) are the main mediators of the signaling network that transmit extracellular signals into the cell, and control cellular differentiation and proliferation.
While the pathogenetic mechanisms in SSc remain elusive, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is one of the main mediators of angiogenesis and vasculogenesis, being involved in SSc vasculopathy.
Prostaglandins, particularly prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), have been implicated as one of the main mediators of this inflammatory reaction which increase the vascular dilatation and permeability and induce bone resorption through osteoclastic cell activation [2].
The results suggest that agglomerated nano-CuO is toxic and that exposure media are decisive in whether or not particles or free Cu ions are the main mediators of toxicity.
von Moos et al. [36] stated that free Cu2+ or the NPs themselves were the main mediators of toxicity toward C. reinhardtii, while Cheloni et al. [47] believed ion Cu at lower CuO NPs concentrations was the driving force, being unable to clarify the contribution of dissolved Cu in CuO NPs.
With autocrine CXCL12 expression resulting in increased levels of secreted proteins and decreased adhesion we focused on focal adhesion proteins which are main mediators of cell-substrate adhesion.
IFNs are the main mediators of innate immunity against viral infection, by up-regulating the expression of many antiviral effectors within cells.
Full-length huntingtin is large (∼350 kD), but it is the smaller N-terminal fragments that are the main mediators of disease progression [1].
Antigen-specific IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells are the main mediators of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection both under natural conditions and following vaccination.
There is a remarkable body of evidence that IFN-γ producing CD4+ T cells are the main mediators of protection against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) infection both under natural conditions and following vaccination [3], [4].
