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Only locations in the main lobe direction of the directional antenna have high probabilities to detect the transmitter, the detection probabilities at other directions are very low. Figure 5 An omnidirectional antenna's detection probability map. Figure 6 A directional antenna's detection probability map.
As the detection system is not in the main lobe direction of these two directional antennas, the probability of detecting the transmissions at the detection system is very low as Figure 6 indicates.
However, a directional antenna can get antenna gain in the main lobe direction, thus transmitters can use the directional antenna to transmit signals farther away than omnidirectional antennas with the same transmit power, or transmit signals to a receiver while using less transmit power [2, 4].
As a directional antenna concentrates the transmit power into the main lobe direction, the radiation intensity in the main lobe direction is larger than that in other directions and its in that direction is much larger than zero.
Therefore, the directional antenna can provide the same EIRP in the main lobe direction as that an omnidirectional antenna provides while using much less transmit power than that the omni-direction antennas uses.
If node transmits data to node directly using directional antenna, as the detection system happens to lie in main lobe direction of node, it can detect node with 100% probability.
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Simulation results show that, in the imaging depth of 45 mm, the resolutions calculated as the total width of the −6 dB main lobe in x-direction are 1.099 mm, 1.056 mm and 0.596 mm for the methods with 1D transducer, 2D transducer and the single element transducer, respectively.
ULA is the most common geometry for smart antennas because of its simplicity, excellent directivity and production of the narrowest main lobe in a given direction in comparison to the other array geometries [22].
We mean that the node requires the position of the destination in order to steer the main lobe in the right direction.
In order to steer the main lobe in an intended direction, array tapering is combined with the beamsteering approach of the previous section; i.e., the actual beamformer is obtained as the product of the array taper and the max-gain beamsteering vectors.
The common beamforming technique we refer to belongs to smart antenna techniques in which desired users' direction-of-arrival (DOA) is estimated from the channel condition feedback, then the direction of main lobe of the antenna is steered to the desired users [11].
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