The success of such interventions requires a good knowledge of vector populations particularly their susceptibility status to the main insecticides used for such control programmes in order to detect and monitor resistance to these insecticides.
The GABA receptor is the main target of phenylpyrazole insecticides, such as fipronil, abamectin, and cyclopentyl diene insecticides [ 22, 36].
P450 monooxygenases have been one of the main classes of enzymes associated with lepidopteran resistance to insecticides such as pyrethroids [ 43], organophosphates [ 44] and diamides [ 16].
The predominance of An. coluzzii and its resistance profile to main insecticides described in this study can guide the implementation of appropriate vector control interventions in this region of Nigeria where such information was previously lacking.
Powerful synthetic insecticides such as DDT were poisoning food chains, from insects upwards.
In the 1950s and 1960s, insecticides such as DDT helped to control or eradicate malarial mosquitoes in much of Asia and Latin America.
Kidney dysfunctions are observed with mBt maize producing mutated insecticides such as in MON863.
The high activity of potent insecticides such as tebufenozide and chromafenozide were rationalized by CoMFA.
And then, several diacylhydrazine insecticides such as halofenozide, methoxyfenozide, chromafenozide, and JS-118 (Fig. 1), were also commercialized gradually [4 7].
Fungicides such as hexaconazole and tribasic copper sulfate while insecticides such as diafenthiuron, acetamiprid, and cyromyzine fall under class III of the Chemical Hazard Category by World Health Organization (WHO).
