In this study, we tested our hypothesis that P. puparum venom influences host gene expression in the two main immunity-conferring tissues, hemocytes and fat body.
To begin investigating this lack, we posed the hypothesis that P. puparum venom influences gene expression in the main immunity-conferring tissues of its host, the hemocytes and fat body.
The main immune response in insects involves innate immunity; partly because of this, the past decade has seen a fundamental appreciation of the relevance of insect effectors and regulatory mechanisms, to the understanding of innate immunity.
The main cellular immunity pathways are the Toll, JAK/STAT, and JNK pathways (Meister 2004), but it is not clear whether selection pressures imposed by parasites may have driven diversification patterns in these pathways similar to those found in the humoral pathways.
The main target for immunity appears to be the parasite infected macrophage, as attenuated cell lines can protect and are used as vaccines.
The HA glycoprotein is the main target for immunity by neutralizing antibodies.
The ability of influenza viruses to mutate and reassort their HA-NA genome segments between different animal species is a main concern because immunity generated by previous infections or vaccinations is unable to prevent infection by itself, although it may reduce virus replication and spread (8 – 10 ).
The main component of cellular immunity in flies is represented by plasmatocytes that are macrophage-like cells with phagocytic activity.
IFNs are the main mediators of innate immunity against viral infection, by up-regulating the expression of many antiviral effectors within cells.
Influenza is one of the most important infectious diseases of humans, and one of the main reasons is that immunity to influenza virus is not life-lasting (as in most of the diseases induced by viruses).
Interferon (IFN) gamma plays a main role in the immunity to TB.
