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The two main haplogroups found in this area were R1b and E3b1.
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The haplogroup distribution observed in our sample matched that found in present day Yakuts and is constituted by distant haplogroups found in Siberian, Mongolian and Central Asian populations.
Furthermore, paleochannels may have been important for structuring the three haplogroups found.
L0dx was the only L0d haplogroup found in the Khwe.
In addition to np 15607, its subtypes share a transition at np 3882 with haplogroup P2, a haplogroup found only in New Guinea and Near Oceania.
Haplogroup A (7 3 4+) is the most common haplogroup found in northwest Europe and has the lowest ratio of expanded to normal FRAXA alleles.
A median joining network (Bandelt et al. 1995) was constructed using the Network 4.5.0.0 package (http://www.fluxus-engineering.com/) for each of the four main haplogroups (A2, B2, C1, and D1) found in Mexican populations.
First, new main haplogroups were described or new SNPs were determined which changes the relationship between the main haplogroups [ 2, 21, 30, 31].
The phylogenetic relationships between the main observed haplogroups is shown in Figure 3. Figure 4 shows the counts of the main haplogroups divided into cases and controls.
Four main haplogroups (NE, CS1, CS2, and SW) were apparent in the network.
Also here the frequency of HG23 was high (57%), but all four main haplogroups were represented.
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