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The spatial distribution of the electric field is controlled by the flow velocities and the radial component of the geomagnetic main field B r m (see Eq. (1)).
The radial component of the geomagnetic main field, B r m (Fig. 1(c)) has a narrow band of small amplitude along the geomagnetic dip-equator (marked with dashed line).
In the frozen-flux approximation, core surface motions u are related to changes in the radial geomagnetic main field B r through the diffusive-less induction equation at the core-mantle boundary (e.g., Holme 2007): frac{partial B_{r}}{partial t} = - nabla_{H} cdot left(mathbf{u} B_{r} right),.
According to Ohm's law, the intensity of the Sq current depends strongly on the height-integrated ionospheric conductivity, the electric field, and the dynamo electric field (U × B) obtained from the cross product of neutral wind (U) and the magnetic main field (B).
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(c) The radial component of the geomagnetic main field |B r m | (nT).
The existence of unique resonances arises via the interaction of the magnetic field generated by orbital electrons and the main magnetic field B 0. The preferential shielding of one nucleus over another results in unique spectroscopic signatures.
Figure 3a d shows the fluctuations of magnetic fields in the sensor coordinate system (X, Y and Z) and that of the parallel component to the geomagnetic main field observed by SW-B above the volcano about 2 h after the eruption.
Fig. 2 RMS differences between D, H, Z and F geomagnetic field components and IGRF-12, CHAOS-6, POMME-10 global field models over Southern Africa regarding main field (a) and secular variation (b).
where F mod is the total field intensity used for the modelling, F obs is the observed total field intensity, Δ F is the portion of the magnetospheric field to the observed total field intensity and B main is the CM4 main field at corresponding epoch.
Temporal change between 1955 1960 of the radial main field (Z11) (a) and of its ingredients: Z(22) (b), Z 80) (c), and Z steady) (d), based on the IGRF model.
The geomagnetic field B is specified by the POMME-6 main field model (Maus et al., 2006).
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