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This review discusses the main epigenetic modifications seen in tumoral and non-tumoral bone diseases, with emphasis on miRNAs.
DNA methylation and histone posttranslational modification are the two main epigenetic modifications.
11 The following are the main epigenetic modifications that occur in the DNA molecule: 1) binding of different proteins to the DNA such as histones and methyl-binding proteins, 2) addition of chemical groups in the bases of the DNA such as methyl (CH3), and 3) microRNAs and other noncoding RNAs that can regulate the expression of genes through various mechanisms.
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DNA methylation is one of the main epigenetic modification mechanisms in eukaryotic organisms, playing a crucial role in the regulation of gene expression [1] [3].
DNA methylation is one of the main epigenetic modification mechanisms; thus, the study of DMRs within tissues or individual organisms is important.
DNA methylation, a main epigenetic modification, plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression and is involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases.
The mechanism of action and the regulation of the ASPP family members in tumour cells is summarised in Figure 2. DNA methylation is the main epigenetic modification in humans, and changes in the methylation status of genes play an important role in tumorigenesis.
One of the main roles of epigenetic modifications through DNA methylation is to control gene transcription in response to external and internal stimuli by targeting specific regulatory DNA bases, such as promoter and enhancer regions [ 7- 9].
DNA methylation, one of the main forms of epigenetic modifications, has recently been suggested to play an important role in the pathways of smoking and smoking-induced diseases [ 2].
The main epigenetic mechanisms comprise chemical modifications of DNA and histones (cytosine methylation, posttranslational modifications of histones, chromatin remodeling, and nucleosome positioning).
Polycomb group proteins (PcG) are the main regulators of repressive epigenetic modifications of chromatin, initiating and maintaining the transcriptional repression of target genes.
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