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Based on specificity and immediacy, immune processes have been discerned into two main effector systems.
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The main effector of this system is angiotensin II (Ang-II), which derives from the proteolytic cleavage of angiotensin I (Ang-I) by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE).
RAS includes a cascade that leads to the generation of angiotensin II (Ang II), the main effector of the system.
The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and the sympathetic nervous system constitute the main effector pathways of the stress system.
Objective: There is evidence that angiotensin II, the main effector of renin-angiotensin system, plays a crucial role in the pathogenesis of chronic renal injury.
AngII, the main effector peptide of this system, has been extensively demonstrated to promote renal inflammation [ 11].
Interestingly however, unlike recent reports utilizing mouse models, IL-13 was not a main effector molecule in our human system.
Lymphocytes are the main effector cells of the immune system [ 38].
The potential atherogenic role of the complement system, a main effector arm of immunity and inflammation, remains to be determined.
Angiotensin II (Ang II) is a main effector peptide in the renin angiotensin system and participates in the regulation of vascular tone.
Angiotensin II, a main effector peptide in the renin angiotensin system, acts as a growth-promoting and angiogenic factor via type 1 angiotensin II receptors (AT1R).
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