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At 2 days after hypoxic exposure, we first checked the expression of VEGF, a main downstream factor that is transcriptionally regulated by hypoxia (Semenza, 2003; Fig 1D).
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This molecular event triggers the activation of NF-κB transcription factors, the main downstream effectors of CD40 signalling.
One of the main downstream effectors of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is ras GTPase, an integral molecule of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway which ends in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK).
hESCs are also characterized by a network of genes important for pluripotency, including the unique homeobox transcription factor NANOG, which is the main downstream effector of this network.
One of the main downstream targets of COUP-TFII is the angiogenic factor Angiopoietin-1.
NF-κB, the main downstream effector molecule of TLR4 signaling, is a nuclear transcription factor that increases the expression of proinflammatory cytokines like TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6 and IFNγ [ 38].
Therefore, PhaPR1 could be a downstream factor in the PhaNPR1-mediated defense pathway.
AKT/PKB is another known downstream factor of PI3 kinase.
One of the main downstream effectors of this network is ERK, a kinase able to phosphorylate both cytosolic and nuclear substrates, including several transcription factors (see pathway in Fig. 10 a and [ 20]).
IGF2 is a downstream factor of IGF2BPs, especially IGF2BP2.
Oxidative stress caused by NPs is reported to be the main downstream events of the inflammation.
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