If we set z ̄ j = 1 for j = 1,..., n, then we get ∑ j = 1 n p i j ( t ) ≥ ε, t ∈ [ 0, ω ], i = 1, …, n, which can be interpreted as the main diagonal dominance and condition (2.11) as its generalization.
Two different biodiversity indicators based on tree species diversity are being used, in Europe and France respectively, without strong prior scientific validation: (1) tree species or genus richness as a positive indicator, and (2) relative abundance of the main species ("dominance") as a negative indicator.
We speculate that advantages of main stem dominance in early bolters may include better dispersal in taller plants, and higher diversification in timing of seed production, and thus in timing of germination [ 35].
Finally, lateralization index in primary sensorimotor cortex and basal ganglia was significantly affected by the main effect of dominance, whereas the lateralization index in cerebellum was significantly affected by the joint main effect, demonstrating a lateralization index increase from proximal to distal joints.
On all three tests there was a statistically significant main effect of dominance (ps < 0.001).
Neither the main effect of dominance rank (F1,9 = 0.26, P = 0.62) nor any of its interactions approached statistical significance.
The main effect of dominance rank (F1,9 = 2.71, P = 0.13) and all its interactions did not approach statistical significance, despite the qualitative pattern shown in Fig. 5.
However, the main effect of dominance was significant (GLM2: F2,93 = 5.95, p = 0.004): subordinates generally visited more patches than dominants (post hoc test: p = 0.003; Fig. 3).
However, there was a main effect of dominance (GLM2: F2,93 = 6.09, p = 0.003; Fig. 4), which was due to subordinates showing generally shorter average feeding times per patch compared to dominants (post hoc tests, both p < 0.01; Fig. 4).
Despite the importance of dissecting the genetic basis of body composition in the chicken, body composition QTL mapping studies to date have been restricted to delineating the main (additive and dominance) genetic effects.
