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Open image in new window Fig. 5 Main crack and local secondary (micro-cracking) cracks of RC elements (adapted from Goto 1971).
Prior to the formation of the spall, the surface main crack and ring-type crack have been generated.
We focus here on the kinematics of crack propagation by looking at the spatio-temporal evolution of both the tip of the main crack and the cavity ahead.
Possible regimes of sticking and sliding contact and separation along the two frictional surfaces of the main crack and the kink were identified.
For the thinner specimens, secondary nanocracks are generated (as a result of grain boundary sliding) ahead of the main crack and coalesce together.
The interaction between the main crack and the defects (e.g. small cracks or inclusions) is described asymptotically by analysing the dipole fields and the corresponding dipole matrices of the defects in question.
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The objective was to localize main cracks and damaged areas inside some of the pillars, which presented indications of having reached stress limits.
Finite element analyses of the laser welded lap-shear specimens with consideration of the weld bead protrusion were carried out to obtain the global and local stress intensity factor solutions for the main cracks and kinked cracks, respectively.
Closing filter helps to fill minor gaps in the image making the main crack continuous and more detailed.
The striations lie parallel to the main crack front and are a signature of the effective toughening of the polyamide through the incorporation of rubber particles.
Moreover, the velocities of the different fronts (main crack, frontward and backward cavity tips) at these nanometric scales is one order of magnitude smaller than the crack tip velocity at the continuum scale.
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