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The main cholinergic pathways are depicted in Figure 6.
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Further study revealed that the stimulatory effect is mediated via cholinergic pathways, while the inhibitory effect is independent of the sympathetic pathway [ 28].
Therefore, not only glutamatergic mechanisms, but also changes in monaminergic and cholinergic pathways seem to be involved in CSD.
Moreover, bilateral structural and functional abnormalities probably interrupted the trajectory of the lateral and medial cholinergic pathways causing region-specific hypoactivity.
There may additionally be abnormalities in serotoninergic and cholinergic pathways.
Recent reports show that not only sympathetic mediators, but also the cholinergic pathways modulate the systemic inflammatory response.
A detailed characterization of cholinergic pathways in zebrafish brain [28], found to be similar to those in mammals, makes it even more attractive to study the role of the cholinergic system in cognitive aging in zebrafish.
Severe alterations in cholinergic pathways are found in PDD.
Therefore, cholinergic pathways regulate male-specific changes in tail posture.
Cholinergic neurons in se are not localized within the human hippocampus, and this brain structure receives its main cholinergic input from the basal forebrain [ 23].
[ 20- 27] These effects appear to be mediated, in part, through cholinergic pathways.
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