Uniformly sized vesicles were made by vortexing, bath sonication (10 min) and extrusion (200 nm pore size, 15 passes, Avanti Mini-Extruder).
Dissolved lyophilized samples in water were made by manual shaking without additional heating or sonication.
For Western blotting with anti-CpxP, soluble fractions were made by suspending cell pellets in 0.5 ml Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4) and sonication at 15 μm for two cycles of 30 s.
Labeled liposomes were made by adding BODIPY® FL C16 to 5 ml of 10% egg yolk emulsion immediately following sonication, for a final concentration of 6.4 μM BODIPY® FL C16, and vortexing for 30 seconds.
The elastic modulus of nanoclay/epoxy composite samples made under different sonication temperatures would be examined by nanoindentation to compare their localized mechanical behaviors.
The complexes get disaggregated by sonication.
Cells were disrupted by sonication (Fisher 550 Sonic Dismembrator).
To obtain oligomeric Aβ, samples in the Eppendorf tubes were dissolved in DMSO to make a concentration of 5 mM, followed by sonication for 30 s.
The chromosomal DNA is fragmented by sonication to the desired size and made blunt-ended with T4-DNA polymerase (Protocol 1).
