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And there are these newer cells made by reprogramming mature cells.
These stem cells are made by reprogramming normal adult cells so that they return to a more embryonic-like state so that they can then be converted into other cell types, such as retinal cells.
HESCs are derived from human embryos, while iPSCs are made by reprogramming adult cells.
Later, they tried with so-called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells, made by reprogramming adult cells into an embryolike state.
Pluripotent stem cells include embryonic stem cells, which are derived from early embryos, and induced pluripotent stem cells, which are made by reprogramming cells taken from adult tissues such as skin.
More encouraging progress has been made by reprogramming pancreatic exocrine cells using adenoviruses carrying the transcription factors Pdx1, Ngn3 and MafA [ 70].
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When it didn't work, scientists moved toward other ways of making stem cells by reprogramming skin cells in the lab.
Computer security specialists have speculated that once inside the factory and within the software that controls equipment, the worm reprogrammed centrifuges made by a specific company, Siemens, to make them fail in a way that would be virtually undetectable.
They reported the results for 22 iPSC lines, made by several different laboratories using multiple reprogramming methods.
So-called induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPS cells, can be made directly from adult skin cells by reprogramming them.
Church says the technology will eventually lead to all manner of breakthroughs: we will be able to replace diseased tissues and organs by reprogramming cells to make new ones, create novel microbes that efficiently secrete fuels and other chemicals, and fashion DNA switches that turn on the right genes inside a patient's cells to prevent arteries from getting clogged.
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