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That is because most microchips are made by optical lithography, a process that uses light to carve the circuits that are etched on chips.
Contributions made by optical microform and macroform effects to the observed dynamic birefringence were analyzed in detail.
The test of the non-linear optical properties of sol gel samples containing fullerene derivatives has been made by optical limiting and Z-scan measurements and by comparing the experimental data with the calculated RSA behavior.
Results of observations made by optical microscope, atomic force microscope and scanning electron microscope were interpreted and compared with literature data available on the electrospinning behavior of other polymeric systems.
Apart from its theoretical interest, the question is of some practical importance, for alterations in the absorption spectrum due to this cause Would necessitate modifications in the estimation of blood methæmoglobin made by optical methods, for example, that of Evelyn and Malloy3.
Measurement of the effects produced by the minute masses weighed has been made by optical, electrical, and nuclear radiation methods of determining displacements and by optical and electrical measurements of forces used to restore a displacement caused by the sample being weighed.
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Other optical density measurements were made by measuring optical density at 600 or 650 nm in a spectrophotometer.
Also, all Visual Analog Scale measurements were made by an optical scanner to reduce measurement error and bias.
The theoretical simulation was made by employing optical coating design software.
A detailed design of a picosecond laser oscillator is made by using optical resonance theory and semiconductor saturable absorber mirror continuous wave mode-locked technology.
A correct interpretation of diffuse solar radiation measurements made by Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) remote sensors require the use of radiative transfer models of the atmosphere.
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