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The goal is to determine the macroscopic stress of spalling in function of loading time and damage level via a meso-macro approach.
The subject of this paper is identification of the physical mechanisms of spalling at low impact velocities for Ti 6Al 4V alloy and determination of the macroscopic stress of spalling via meso-macro approach.
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Typically, cavitation was initiated in volume at the stress of 29 30 MPa, but in the skin of injected samples voids were observed even at the macroscopic stresses of 2 MPa only.
Under isothermal conditions, compression experiments were conducted at low, constant velocities of 0 0.4 μm s−1 up to macroscopic stresses of about 13 kPa, followed by subsequent stress relaxation measurements.
A physical modeling based on a thermally activated nucleation process has been developed for predicting the macroscopic stress for generation of cavities as well as the one for initiating crystal shearing.
In the simplest one-dimensional (1D) heterogeneous structural hierarchy, a series of non-local and non-convex double-well continuum elements are employed to model the micro-instability and the macroscopic stress hysteresis of the material under uniaxial quasi-static stretching.
Micro-mechanics of failure is a theory that links constitutive materials (individual fibre, matrix and their interface) and a macroscopic stress response of composites (Ha et al. 2008).
From these microfields, the macroscopic stress and strain of the crystal at different stages of loading were calculated.
The homogenization of plane waves is studied to illustrate key aspects and implications of the theory, including the characteristics of the homogenized macroscopic stress and the influence of frequency on the determination of an intermediate asymptotic length scale.
Macroscopic homogeneity and increase of macroscopic stress with increasing deformation are conditioned by sufficient continuity of these barriers.
Once the components of the macroscopic stress tensor are computed, the components of the fourth order stiffness tensor (S ijlm ) can be extracted by the appropriate ratio between E ij and Σ lm, following the relation: Σ lm = S lmij E ij.
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