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In contrast, a macroscopic model is a deterministic evolution equation such as (1.1).

The homogenized macroscopic model is featured by the fading memory effects arising from the microflow in the dual porosity.

First, the discretized partial differential equation of the macroscopic model is solved numerically with low computational effort.

Based on the experimental evolutions a macroscopic model is presented, describing the relation between the considered general process parameters.

Under large normal deformations, it was found that the macroscopic model is in better agreement with simulated observations.

The validity and accuracy of the macroscopic model is successfully checked through the comparison with direct numerical simulations of the initial microscale model for amperometry tests.

A macroscopic model was chose to predict the compression behavior of open-cell foams.

Associated closure problems allowing the computation of effective coefficients that appear in this macroscopic model are provided.

The effective properties of the macroscopic model were calculated over periodic unit cells designed from images of the experimental flow cell.

As was described in this review, setting up of macroscopic models is carried out in primarily two steps (Fig. 1).

In addition, the number of model parameters in macroscopic models is significantly lower than the number of parameters in microscopic models.