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Secondly, an equivalent macroscopic contact model using a homogenisation technique has been presented.
The model is based on the Navier Stokes equations for incompressible two-phase flows in the presence of surface tension and density jump across the interface separating ink and air, coupled to an electric circuit model which describes the driving mechanism behind the process, and a macroscopic contact model which describes the air ink wall dynamics.
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The capabilities of the contact model to capture the mechanical macroscopic behavior of cohesive materials were investigated by means of cone penetration and unconfined compression simulations.
The model employs the soft wheel-workpiece macroscopic contact, the polishing wheel roughness and its amplification to the local contact pressure, the kinematics of abrasive grits at the local scale, and the collective contribution of these individual micro-events to induce an effective material removal rate at the macroscale.
So, for two contacting solid surfaces, microscopically, there are many non-contact regions (the interfacial separation), and microscopic contact occurs only at a fraction of the macroscopic contact.
The macroscopic contact angle was very small, not more than 3 5°.
Macroscopic contact mechanics has been used to derive a prediction for v b.
These deviations point at an incomplete description of nanoparticle collisions by macroscopic contact theory.
After coupling the contact model, face contact occurs.
Nevertheless, in practical liquid drop/solid surface systems, the macroscopic contact angle is an apparent contact angle.
Various aspects concerning relations between microscopic and macroscopic contact angles, also in relation to contact angle hysteresis, were published by Decker et al. [ 3].
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