On the other hand, Hou et al. reported that podoplanin was expressed on a subset of F4/80 macrophages, a subset which they have termed fibroblastic macrophages [ 22].
Finally, the Gr-1− CD14+ subset, which is virtually lacking in db wounds, shows characteristics of non-inflammatory monocytes or macrophages (lacking vacuoles) and might represent the M2 'pro-repair' macrophages (Fig. 2D, right-most panels).
IA patients displayed significant increases in peripheral blood monocytes and intrahepatic macrophages as well as CD16+ subsets, which were closely associated with serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and the liver histological activity index (HAI) scores.
Here, we for the first time assessed the quantities, percentages and cytokine profiles of peripheral and intrahepatic monocyte/macrophage subsets in CHB patients and documented a significant increase in peripheral monocytes and intrahepatic macrophages as well as CD16+ subsets, which were closely associated with the liver inflammation.
Tie2 identifies a highly pro-angiogenic macrophage subset, Tie2-expressing macrophages (TEM).
Within this population, a smaller macrophage subset also coexpresses the MΦIL-4 marker CD200R.
Recently, in murine liver fibrosis, Ranmachandran et al reports that one kind of new macrophage subsets are identified based on Ly6c expression, which are distinct from the M1/M2 paradigm, suggesting that more functional classification of macrophages subsets should be used to better represent their biology (Ramachandran et al., 2012).
6 14 188 Based on the limited data available it was hypothesised that an early decrease in macrophages (or macrophage subsets), combined with decrease in vascular markers and/or adhesion molecules, which were observed in some of these studies, would best predict clinical response in PsA.
Initially, two main polarized macrophage subsets were described based on their pro- versus antiinflammatory functions: classically activated macrophages (M1), which are specialized in the clearance of intracellular pathogens, and alternatively activated macrophages (M2), which have immunoregulatory properties and are involved in scavenging debris, angiogenesis, and tissue repair [ 17].
In vitro studies, which have used human blood monocytes differentiated into macrophages to address the question of macrophage subsets in HIV infection will be highlighted.
