Given their ability to cover nano, micro, and macro length scales, QDs are particularly useful to study the wide range of diverse molecular and cellular events involved in the pathology of diseases such as cancer.
Due to their hierarchical structure, which spans from nano to macro length-scales, a different way of thinking from traditional approaches is needed to account for the characteristic phenomena of each length-scale and bridge their effects from the smaller scale to the macroscale.
The design of tree branch joints at different length scales from the microstructural to the macro-length scale was investigated.
This study lays a solid foundation for using shape memory polymer based composites to self-repair macro-length scale damage.
While the current self-healing approaches such as micro-capsules, hollow fibers, thermally reversible covalent bonds, ionomers, incorporation of thermoplastic particles, etc., are very effective in self-healing micro-length scale damage, self-healing of structural scale or macro-length scale damage remains one of the grand challenges facing the self-healing community.
Here we show osteointegration of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) scaffolds at both the macro and micro length scales.
Since the process of material degradation is governed by physical mechanisms on levels with different length scale, the macro- and mesolevel, where on the mesolevel microdefects evolve due to microforces, we formulate in this paper the dynamical balance laws for macro- and microforces and the first and second law of thermodynamics for macro- and mesolevel.
Shear banding is shown to be more stable at this length scale than in macro-scale testing because of a smaller specimen to load frame stiffness ratio.
More importantly, we provide a perspective on how to integrate the emerging 3D printing with existing technologies to create structures over multiple length scale from nano to macro for EES applications.
At both macro- and microscopic length scales, Salmonella were present in all tumours that were analysed.
