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At micro scale, each macro element is regarded as an individual microstructure with a discrete intermediate density.
Based on the Trigonometric Shear Deformation Theory (TSDT) and the use of Gram Schmidt orthogonal polynomials as enrichment functions a finite macro element is developed.
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The quality of the "megapixel" images produced by digital cameras has been sharply improving, and "macro" elements are usually built into the basic 50mm lens.
Macro elements were analysed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry after acid digestion with nitric and perchloric acids [ 31].
An arbitrary quadrilateral thin flat laminate is mapped onto a square basic one, so that a unique macro-element is constructed for the whole plate.
The macro-element is able to simulate the 3D behaviour of a rigid shallow foundation of circular, rectangular or strip shape, submitted to cyclic loadings.
This model, derived from an approach inspired by the Finite Element (FE) method and based on the semi-analytical formulation of a 4-nodes macro-element, is able to simulate entire bonded overlaps at low computational costs.
Three macro-elements were used for each wall specimen.
Four macro-elements were used for each wall specimen (l m = 450 mm ≈ (h w cot θ c )/n).
Estimated plant requirements for macro-elements were based on a total biological productivity of 0.04 kg day−1 m−2.
The development, computational implementation and application of polynomially-enriched plate macro-element are presented in this work.
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