An additional goal is to limit development and propagation of macro-cracks in the body of SFHSC elements.
The coalescence of micro-cracks and the inception and propagation of macro-cracks in CIR mixture were carefully studied under fracture Mode I and Mode II, respectively.
The results of our substrate engineering technique, which involves implantation of nitrogen into Si through an AlN thin film, have shown to simultaneously and significantly reduce the dislocation density and macro-cracks in epitaxially grown 2 μm GaN films.
The results show that due to the existence of the metallic aluminium particles in WBA, the generated hydrogen can cause some visible macro-cracks in the concrete, which could reduce the mechanical properties of the concrete.
The dual scale model of micro- and macro-cracking in fatigue is used to derive μ(t) and ν(t) using only the initial values μ(0) and ν(0) at t = 0 that is prior to the onset of material damage.
Thanks to the unique undulations of the braided structure, macro cracks have no clear path to grow in epoxy matrix, and their propagation can be arrested at inter-sections of yarns.
Thus different combinations of short and long length fibers would help in arresting the micro and as well as macro cracks to improve both pre and post crack performances of concrete.
However, the AMFRC specimen showed many vertical or diagonal cracks with a narrow crack width, and in particular, the specimen with 0.8%% fiber volume fraction did not show significant concrete spalling and macro cracks even after failure.
In the experiment, under fluctuating changes in the internal casing pressure and low confinement pressures, the cement sheath was cracked in the radial direction, but under high confinement pressures, the sheath became separated from the casing without macro cracks.
For rocks with large brittleness, the vertical propagation of macro cracks are restrained under confined conditions.
