One such editing process, called A-to-I editing, alters the 'A' nucleotide so that the translation machinery reads it as a 'G' nucleotide instead.
Because the translation machinery reads inosine as guanosine (G), the ADARs may recode transcripts, which results in a proteome that is divergent from the genome 1 4 and thus modulates the protein sequence and function of several gene products.
Another possibility, Traynor says, is that the repeated nucleotides cause a toxic buildup of messenger RNA, a key player in the cellular machinery for reading out DNA to make protein.
Taken together, these sections suggest that "error in the vote tabulation" includes errors in the failure of the voting machinery to read a ballot and not simply errors resulting from the voting machinery.
These provide the underlying basis for the action of the machinery that reads DNA, and responds to and repairs DNA damage.
These scientists mapped the ribosome, the subcellular machinery that reads messenger RNA and uses the information encoded there to produce protein.
Because the "DNA-centered view emphasizes chance over necessity," and because DNA, in the absence of protein machinery to read it, is meaningless: "I think the utter insufficiency of the information in DNA to specify an organism is one of the most powerful arguments for evolution".
For instance, proteins are required for the cellular machinery to read the genes that produce proteins.
Aminoglycosides, such as gentamicin, allow the translational machinery to read through these stop codons, thereby producing full-length proteins.
CRISPR could, however, be used to snip out a faulty exon so that the cell's gene reading machinery would make a shortened version of dystrophin similar to the exon-skipping and microgene approaches.
