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It is worth noticing that NO donor was sufficient both in vitro and in vivo to induce iNOS expression (Fig. 4C and 4D and Fig. 5C and 5D), suggesting that both culture muscle cells and skeletal muscles have intact machineries to induce iNOS expression; the difference may be that oxidative muscle, but not glycolytic muscle, has the ability to trigger the initial increase in NO production.
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Snu13p binds U4 snRNA of the spliceosome and box C/D snoRNAs of the pre-ribosomal RNA processing machinery to induce assembly of each ribonucleoprotein complex.
These data indicate that the p53 --> pathwayckpoint pathway uses the normal cell cycle regulatory machinery to induce the accumulation of the growth suppressive form of pRB and suggest that loss of pRB during the course of tumorigenesis disrupts the function of an important DNA damage checkpoint.
A number of recent anti-cancer strategies aim at targeting the mitochondrial apoptotic machinery to induce tumor cell death.
Formation of a complex between Notch and CSL creates a binding groove that captures a Mastermind protein [7], [8], which in turn is thought to recruit generalized transcriptional coactivators such as p300/CBP and the basal transcription machinery to induce target gene expression [9], [10], [11].
During transcription, a double-stranded hairpin RNA (hpRNA) is formed and recognized by the plant machinery to induce a silencing signal, which is short interfering RNA (siRNA).
Acetylation of histones, for example, converts chromatin into a more relaxed and open state, which is accessible for transcription factors and the transcriptional machinery to induce gene expression.
These hide an exon from the splicing machinery to induce exon skipping, restoration of the reading frame and generation of internally deleted, but partially functional proteins.
The cell also utilizes protein clearance machinery to induce the destruction of entire organelles, such as mitochondria, when they no longer function correctly to protect the cell from reactive oxygen species (ROS).
This transcription-independent event then allows sufficient time for the NF-κB transcription machinery to induce the array of pro-survival genes necessary to permanently disable the cell death pathway.
Functional AR requires interaction with a wide variety of cellular proteins that facilitate AR conformation, nuclear localization, DNA binding and interaction with the basal transcriptional machinery to induce expression of androgen-responsive AR-target genes.
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