Another manufacturer says that, under realistic conditions, the machines' error rate can be even higher, 1percentt or more, a potential misreading of 34,500 votes.
Even if they could agree on a machine with the lowest error rate, would voters easily adapt?
A drawback is that the Oxford machine has a 4percentt error rate, too high for many applications, including diagnosis.
For example, one study cited by a White House report during the Obama Administration found that while machines had a 7.5% error rate in reading radiology images, and humans had a 3.5% error rate, when humans combined their work with machines the error rate dropped to 0.5%.
The A.C.L.U. has argued that punch-card machines have a higher error rate than other systems, an argument embraced by the three-judge panel.
Selecting a correct option took about 30 seconds (with the majority of this time attributed to machine cycling time), with an error rate of 1.8 per 5 options selected.
The reason why we use the negative log-likelihood is not only because it can optimize the parameters c j and d j but also because it can be used for comparing the various probability estimates; in other words, it can evaluate the error rate on machine learning and reject some of the unsatisfactory candidate expression regions described by SURF features.
This allows a significant percentage of the patients to be identified as confidently predictable, a condition that ensures that the machine learning algorithm possesses an error rate below the tolerable level when applied to the confidently predictable patients.
The N.A.A.C.P., among others, argued that it violated equal protection to make nearly half the state's voters use old punch-card machines, which, because of problems like dimpled chads, had a significantly higher error rate than more modern machines.
