The additional net economic benefit attained due to the coal pre-drying was estimated to reach $1.91 M per year.
Analyses of uranium-series isotopic disequilibria point to minimum melt ascent rates of 1 20 m per year at MORs and oceanic hotspot volcanoes, and of ∼70 m per year at arc volcanoes, for which more stringent constraints are available26.
The net economic benefit of the proposed LPDPP could reach $47.6 M per year, which is $0.9 M greater than that of the conventional lignite pre-drying unit.
Grain-size data and statistical analysis of sand and mud laminae thicknesses suggest the laminated sediments accumulated rapidly (c. 0.2 m per year) as heterolithic tidal rhythmites.
Changes in the littoral dynamics, mainly due to human action, have generated a coastline regression rate, estimated at 1 m per year and more.
Foredune plain progradation, with average rates of 0.3 0.6 m per year, was controlled by isostatic land uplift, which caused a continuous withdrawal of shorelines to lower elevations.
Historical erosion rate estimated by overlaying aerial photographs was about 5 m per year, while LITPROF simulations suggested that approximately 5 m of beach dune would be eroded by storm waves.
The location of coastlines changed on average by 139 km between the LGM and early Holocene, with some areas >300 km, and at a rate of up to 23.7 m per year (∼0.6 km land lost every 25-year generation).
Further support for rapid magma ascent comes from the large volumes of magma that were erupted within less than ∼2 kyr following the last deglaciation of Iceland, which implies melt ascent rates >50 m per year 27.
If the historical average annual real interest rate is m > 0, and if the world is stationary, should consumption in the distant future be discounted at the rate of m per year?
The decline was almost 1 m per year between 1968 and 2012.
