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Lienal peptide (LP), extracted from the spleen of healthy calves, has been reported to be a unique immune modulator which shows notable immunomodulatory effects on immune system function.
One author (LP) extracted data on: survey year; recruitment location; sample size; geographical coverage; condom use with clients and non-paying partners; experience of violence from clients or police and injecting drug use.
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LP and red LP extract were reported to decrease amyloid-beta (Aβ1 42) peptide levels in the brain and increase nerve growth factor (NGF) levels in the serum of NSE/hAPPswe transgenic mice and Tg2576 mice respectively [ 17, 18].
LP extract contains triterpenes and saponins, which are known phytoestrogens [ 90].
The dried powdered LP extract was sent to Forest Research Institute Malaysia (FRIM) for phytochemical screening to detect the phytochemical constituents.
According to previous toxicity studies, LP extract was shown to be safe with the lethal dose 50 (LD50) of more than 5.0 g/kg [ 76].
Based on the phytochemical screening, LP extract used in this study was found to contain flavonoids, saponins, tannins, triterpenes and steroids.
In other studies, LP extract was shown to exhibit no-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) at the dose of 50 mg/kg in a sub-acute study [ 77], 1000 mg/kg in a sub-chronic study [ 78] and 800 mg/kg in reproductive toxicity testing.
The free lipids (LP) were extracted repeatedly from an aliquot of DM with a 2 1 CH2Cl2/CH3OH (v/v) using soxhlet extraction for 24 h, and then dried at 50 °C.
In our study, the SLP (the integrated membrane protein, IMP) isolated from LP was extracted and purified [ 27].
For feces, EC, and LP, proteins were extracted in lysis buffer (25 m M Tris pH 8.8/0; 4% SDS).
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