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The highly glucose responsive beta cells have a larger cell volume (±30%) and contain more protein per cell than lowly responsive beta.
In line with these changes, highly responsive beta cells synthesized 2 to 3-fold more protein than lowly responsive beta cells ((Fig. 3, Fig. S2) and [2], [16]).
Beta cells with higher metabolic glucose responsiveness expressed on average 46% (range 16 200%) higher levels of glycolytic enzymes than lowly responsive cells (Fig. 4a).
These cells oxidize glucose and D-glyceraldehyde respectively 2-fold and 30% more than lowly responsive beta cells: the former corresponds to their previously reported 2-fold higher Gck activity [2], the latter matches their overall higher glycolytic capacity – since D-glyceraldhyde enters at the level of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, independent of Gck [16].
This corresponds well with earlier studies from our group (1.25 times [2]) and others (1.32 times, [17]), and with the higher total protein level per cell (316±42 pg/cell in highly versus 193±52 pg/cell in lowly responsive beta, p = 0.12, n = 3).
Significant differences between groups were observed from the 3rd trial on (3rd trial: Mann-Whitney test, Zadj = 2.6, p<0.01; 4th trial: Zadj = 3.3, p<0.001; 5th trial: Zadj = 2.2, p<0.05; 6th trial: Zadj = 2.4, p<0.02) and in retention tests (Zadj = 2.8, p<0.005), thus showing that highly responsive bees learned and remembered better in the aversive discrimination task than lowly responsive bees.
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Functional data on 3H-tyrosine incorporation, D-glucose and D-glyceraldehyde oxidation rates in highly and lowly glucose-responsive beta cells were in part previously reported [16].
Overall, LC-MS detected 254 (256) proteins in highly (lowly) glucose-responsive subpopulations – of which 232 (229) above limit of quantification and 90% (215) overlapping identifications (Table S2).
His beginnings were lowly.
City closes against lowly Queens Park Rangers.
Peasant girl still too lowly?
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