The Wular catchment is a complex geophysical unit with highly differentiated topography and a thorough highland-lowland interaction.
However, it has been shown that biotic interactions from lowland flora contribute to shape the "rear edge" of alpine plant distributions.
Accordingly, Elaenia may have been able to exploit new montane forests formed by mountain uplift, while being excluded from the older lowland forests through competitive interactions with other flycatchers.
Rates of evolution were higher for the clade that is hummingbird pollinated and experienced flower resupination, compared with species pollinated by bees, suggesting a relevant role of plant-pollinator interactions in lowland rainforest.
The social interactions of western lowland gorillas have been difficult to study in the wild because they mostly inhabit heavily forested areas with limited visibility for researchers.
For lowland systems, in contrast, these interactions and their impacts on SOC were muted or absent making SOC in these environments more comparable across latitudes.
In this study, we explored the potential effect of accounting for interactions from dominant lowland congeners representative for the lowland flora for predicting landscape scale distribution (1 km grain) of two alpine plant species, Viola biflora and Veronica alpina.
We present the strongest available evidence that the AG ant-seed interaction is highly specific in lowland forest of the Peruvian Amazon, and thus represents an exception to the general understanding of seed-dispersal mutualisms as generalized and diffuse interactions [18], [21], [23], [24].
Regression model interaction terms between site (highland vs. lowland) and height indicate that relationships between adiposity and linear growth measures differed significantly between samples (P < 0.001).
However, the localised groundwater surface water interactions (the turloughs) in this flooded lowland karst system can yield information about the nature of the hydraulic connections beneath the ground.
Within the lowland and highland altitudinal groupings we saw significant G × E interactions for mass of good quality seed per plant (Table 2B; Fig. 3D F).
