Within Réunion, differentiation between populations was remarkably high, with an average pairwise ΦPT of 0.148, and highest values were obtained in highland-lowland comparisons.
In comparison, lowland caregivers (Giáy and Tày) lived a maximum of five kilometres away from the CHS and all had bicycles or motorbikes accessible within their households.
In comparison, many lowland family units were smaller and less influenced by the older generations.
These responses, in part, demonstrate the specialised nature of dairy production in comparison to lowland grazing production, and the more restricted range of production possibilities found in the upland and hill areas of England (Harvey and Scott, 2013).
All studied lakes were sampled in September 2007, close to the end of the main growing season (which is delayed and much shorter in these alpine environments in comparison with lowland habitats).
In comparison, much of lowland Scotland receives less than 800 mm annually.
We also studied 1 lowland site (Kisian) as a comparison site for parasite development.
In comparison with western lowland gorilla populations (Gorilla gorilla gorilla), mountain gorillas exhibit much lower rates of male dispersal and a correspondingly higher proportion of multi-male groups [ 31].
For the comparison between the lowland populations from Mozambique/Zimbabwe (debilis) and Tanzania (rabai), models that assume equal population sizes (both present and past) were all rejected (least significant p-value, 2LLR = 4.5165, df = 1, P = 0.03).
The actual biodiversity values of the river valley in Kazimierski Landscape Park are high in comparison with floodplains of lowland rivers in Western Europe.
For the comparison between the Tanzanian lowland and montane clades (rabai versus albigula), all models that assume no gene flow and asymmetrical gene flow, and all models that assume equal effective population sizes in the two extant lineages were strongly rejected (all P < 0.001).
