Bird abundance and seasonality in a Costa Rican lowland forest canopy.
A total of 20 blocks were nested within a 2 × 2 factorial design with two effects, landscape position (upland or lowland) and canopy cover (100 or 60%).
As a consequence, T. scriptus is Africa's most widely distributed ungulate, occurring in every country in sub-Saharan Africa with its range limited only by the lowland closed canopy forests of the Central Congo Basin, deserts and highly xeric shrublands.
Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in two landscape positions (dry upland, moist lowland) and two canopy conditions (gap, no gap).
Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design in two landscape positions (dry upland and moist lowland) and two canopy conditions (gap, no gap).
Day-active ants that foraging in the lowland rain forest canopy are frequently exposed to predators, such as lizards, birds, anteaters, and disturbance (e.g., passing animals and wind) in tree crowns.
It is found in intact closed-canopy lowland evergreen rainforest and taller secondary forest, which is increasingly under threat within its range due to urbanization, agricultural expansion, and industrialization.
This spectacular tanager delights visiting birders throughout much of the Amazon basin, where it forages in the canopy of lowland evergreen forests and at forest edge.
Montezuma Oropendola occupies the canopy of lowland evergreen forest and forest edges, as well as plantations such as of banana, cacao, or shade coffee (Jaramillo and Burke 1999).
This parakeet is an inhabitant of the canopy of lowland humid forest, to approximately 1000 m, but it seems to be able to persist in agricultural areas with sufficient tree cover, such as shade cocoa plantations.
