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In summary, bacteria with the lowest pilus density segregate to the front of mixed expanding microcolonies.
We found that on agar plates, where the dynamics are mostly determined by steric interactions caused by cell division, cells with the lowest pilus density and cells with the lowest pilus-breakage force sorted towards the colony boundary.
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The low correlation values (<0.55) and the absence of clashes were both indications of the correct orientation of the D1 computer models into the 3D pilus density in respect to the RrgBD2 D4 crystal fragment orientation (Figure S3B).
Moreover rigid-body fitting clearly indicates that the pilus density can correspond only to a linear assembly of RrgB monomers, excluding that other molecules, apart from RrgB, are incorporated into the pilus shaft or appended laterally.
We generated a toolbox of gonococcal type IV pili with varying pilus density and pilus pilus rupture forces.
Bacterial sorting was dependent on pilus post-translational modification and pilus density.
We conclude that bacteria sort dependent on pilus density and pilin post-translational modification.
In liquid environment where cells actively move by pilus retractions, sorting correlating with pilus density and pilus-breakage force was nearly complete and the resulting morphotypes followed the DSAH.
This behavior is consistent with stronger physical interactions among P++ bacteria due to their high-pilus density, lower interactions among P+ bacteria due to lower pilus density, and intermediate interactions at the interface between P++ red and P+ green.
10.7554/eLife.10811.008 Figure 3. Spatio-temporal dynamics of de novo occurrence of clones with reduced pilus density and their offspring.
Apart from the pilin gene, other genes affecting post-translational modification and pilus density are phase-variable (Marri et al., 2010).
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