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Position-aware optimization: The optimal position with better communication quality and higher throughput for the router involved in the hop with lowest link quality is determined using particle swarm optimization (PSO).
Initially, the routes are selected on the basis of the HC-, ED-, and RP-based metrics, and the RP-based route is further optimized by reconfiguring the position of the router with the lowest link quality.
The position-aware optimization is based mainly on particle swarm optimization, which is only executed on the router with the lowest link quality to search for the optimal location where the router contributes better to the end-to-end throughput.
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An L-type (low link quality) UE uses QPSK modulation with CQI value ranging from 1 to 6.
We show that our framework performs well by avoiding local optimal points with extremely low link quality.
The results show that NCMR provides higher reliability and lower energy consumption in the network with low link quality which is a character of WSNs.
In other words, SP-R has the lowest efficiency of channel utilization, especially at low link qualities.
The main conclusion from Figure 3 is that LQI is fairly constant with time for very high or very low link qualities, while it varies for medium link qualities.
In the adaptive routing optimization algorithm, the following terms were required in neighbour table entries: 16-bit network address, 64-bit IEEE address, depth, link quality, the lowest depth of other potential parents, device type, relationship for all neighbours, the capability of accepting new children, the number of its descendants for routers and ZC.
Devices perform preemptive re-association, when their link quality is low with their parent coordinator.
There are two link quality values; namely, high PRR (low ETX) and low PRR (high ETX) links, for performance comparison.
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