When this is not possible, free riding weakens monitoring incentives, so that flat payments, debt-like contracts, and very low levels of monitoring appear.
In a European perspective, Norwegian GPs are presented with relatively few guidelines, and Norwegian general practice is generally characterised by low levels of monitoring and control.
Past research suggests [ 71] that the high levels of warmth and low levels of monitoring characteristic of permissive parenting leads to less conflict and lower levels of internalizing problems, such as depression and anxiety.
Overall, our findings are consistent with passive investors improving firm performance by advocating for proven governance reforms that require a low level of costly monitoring on their part.
A total of 411 61.8%) sexually active students had low levels of parental monitoring.
In addition, low levels of parental monitoring and high levels of harsh parental disciplining are related to high levels of delinquent behavior in adolescents [ 12- 14].
In line with previous research on the parent-adolescent relationship and juvenile delinquency, it was expected that mother-son relationship types in families of incarcerated adolescents would be more often characterized by low levels of maternal monitoring and maternal affection and high levels of maternal discipline than these types in families of non-incarcerated adolescents.
In keeping with our previous research, we hypothesized that providers implementing SafeCare with monitoring would have the lowest levels of emotional exhaustion and those receiving additional monitoring not in the context of EBP implementation would have higher emotional exhaustion relative to the other groups.
There was also suggestion of a crossover effect, in which the genotype associated with the highest levels of externalizing behavior under low parental monitoring had the lowest levels of externalizing behavior at the extreme high end of parental monitoring.
Meanwhile, the recommendations with the lowest levels of perceived progress were the decentralization of monitoring tests (viral load and CD4), averaging 20%%, and the inclusion of sample transportation strategies, with a perceived 22%% average of implementation (data not included in the graphic).
