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The lowest effective concentration causing the toxic effect (LOEC) for each leachate type and plant species was estimated.
ToxRefDB provides the lowest effective level at which particular in vivo treatment-related effects were significantly different from negative controls.
Most adverse effects are dose-related, which underlines the importance of achieving the lowest effective dose.
Moreover, treatments have changed to minimize the risks; the lowest effective doses of drugs and radiation are used.
Experts say anything beyond that is potentially dangerous, and also advise patients to take the lowest effective dose.
They say large pharmaceutical corporations are paying the lowest effective tax rate at just 5.7%, compared with 7.5% for hi-tech corporations and 20% for energy corporations.
Whenever insecticides are applied, only the lowest effective dosages are used — barely enough to control the pest with a minimum of harm to beneficial species.
The Food and Drug Administration recommends that for relief from menopausal symptoms women should use such drugs at the lowest effective dose and for the shortest time necessary.
And a median-income family of four is currently paying the lowest effective federal income-tax rate since people started measuring, in 1955.
"Until we have that information, women who use any of these products should work with their doctors to use the lowest effective dose for the shortest duration of time".
Consequently, tapered ZnO nanorod arrays have the lowest effective refractive index at the interface.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com