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The lowest effect sizes were associated with the indices of health behavior like physical activity or food habits.
When further excluding the two studies with the highest and lowest effect sizes respectively (Brown I and Kim), there was no heterogeneity and the pooled effect size was 2.76 (95% CI 2.09 3.64).
Effect sizes ranged from 0.22 to 0.63, with the largest effect sizes for the Pain and Hurt subscale, and the lowest effect sizes for the Perceived Physical Appearance subscale.
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A power analysis using the lowest effect size from Experiment 1A (d = 0.44) indicated 70 participants were needed to detect a two-tailed effect with 0.95 power (Faul, Erdfelder, Lang, & Buchner, 2007).
We chose the most conservative findings with the lowest effect size (Cappy's 3-month change: d = 0.65) for the sample size calculations.
These findings must be viewed with caution, however, because power analysis showed low effect sizes and an inadequate sample size.
Although significant correlations with the BAC appear for the scales representing the individual (r = −.08; p < .001), the contents (r = −.06; p < .001) and the participant−trainer relations (r = −.04; p = .003) as contributing factors, an interrelation of the BAC and the ratings cannot be assumed due to the low effect sizes.
Ultimately, the cumulative contribution of such mutations with low effect sizes may play a large role in causing the disease.
First of all, there has been evidence supporting class-specific effects of heterozygosity in populations of alpine marmots (Marmota marmota) and roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), with similarly low effect sizes [38], [39].
However, to further increase model parsimony, direct effects that were non-significant at p<0.05 or had very low effect sizes (y-standardized regression coefficients <0.2) were dropped in the final MIMIC model.
Adult hearing is likely to involve many common genetic variants each having low effect sizes.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com