Waist circumference was measured to 0.1 cm at the minimum circumference between the lowest rib and the iliac crest without compressing the skin.
Height was measured to 0.1 cm with a Leicester portable height measure (Chasmors, London, UK), waist to 0.1 cm at the minimum circumference between the lowest rib and iliac crest, and weight to 0.1 kg using a TANITA TBF 300MA body fat analyser (Chasmors, London, UK).
Waist circumference was measured between the lowest rib margin and iliac crest and hip circumference at the largest circumference between waist and thighs.
Although a weak univariate relationship between low arm circumference and a lower risk of chronic NSP was observed in males, body composition was not associated with any form of NSP in either gender after multivariate analysis.
Anthropometric parameters: All participants will have a physical examination with the determination of height, weight and waist circumference (midway between lowest rib and the iliac crest).
There were no differences in BMI, waist circumferences or hip circumferences between the groups.
Waist and hip circumferences were measured with a soft tape, waist circumference midway between the lowest rib and the iliac crest and hip circumference at the level of the great trochanters.
All participants had an annual OGTT, a medical history, and a physical examination with measurements of height (without shoes), weight (in light indoor clothes), waist circumference (midway between the lowest rib and iliac crest) and systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
All participants had an annual OGTT, a medical history, and a physical examination with measurements of height (without shoes), weight (in light indoor clothes), waist circumference (midway between the lowest rib and iliac crest), and systolic and diastolic blood pressure.
Waist circumference (midway between iliac crest and the lowest rib at the midaxillary line) was measured with the flexible measuring tape to the nearest 0.5 cm.
