Moreover, if an attacker disguises a modified module as a normal module, the module can serve as the secret backdoor for malicious action which can lower the function of the normal module and thereby deteriorate availability.
In this study, the thin Cs2CO3 layer lowers the work function of the WO3 layer and thereby increases electron-extraction ability in this combined WO3/Cs2CO3 system.
Furthermore, the reaction between ITO and Cs2CO3 may also originated from the Sn or In-O-Cs complex [48], which further lowers the work function of ITO.
Li et al. reckoned that a thin layer of CsOx is capable of lowering the work function of the underlying layer of ITO [27].
According to the previous literatures [23, 29], a thin layer of Cs2CO3 is capable of lowering the work function of the underlying layer.
This finding suggests that an ECHD layer of proper thickness at the Al interface improves electron transport, possibly by lowering the work function of the ECHD/Al structure compared to that of Al, resulting in an enhanced performance of OSCs.
The CPCPs perform efficiently as electrode modifiers to lower the work function of metal electrode and possess capability to n-dope PC71BM, both of which contribute to the improved performance of polymer solar cells.
For lowering the work function of the Al cathode and doping the Alq3 ETL, the reaction of hot Al atoms with alkali metal carboxylates during Al vapor deposition was utilized.
A thin PbO layer can effectively lower the work function of ITO from 4.5 to 3.8 eV.
"The more negative emotions you have, the more stress, the lower the functioning of your body, from the immune system on," Dr. Tanzi said.
