For these students, the incentive was also associated with lower interest in school material and lower optimism and confidence about their ability.
As expected, lower SES was associated with less job control, greater financial strain, smaller social networks, greater hostility and lower optimism.
Compared to controls they had a statistically significantly increased risk of depression, lower optimism, lower life satisfaction, more childhood adversities, more negative life events and less social support.
The effect for tension/anxiety at 60 min is illustrated in Fig. 1 showing larger increases in tension/anxiety in people with lower optimism scores, adjusted for covariates.
They had an increased risk of depression, lower optimism, lower life satisfaction, more childhood adversities, more negative life events and less social support as compared to individuals with by means of registry data confirmed cancer.
Greater preoperative arm morbidity, higher levels of state and trait anxiety, depression, lower optimism and greater surgical worry were associated with moderate to severe (⩾4 on 0 10 NRS) acute postoperative PAR and MEP in the first postoperative week.
Lower optimism, poorer social support, a more negative cognitive appraisal, and younger age were associated with poorer life satisfaction, while survivors with less than 8 years of education had higher life satisfaction.
In short, those with lifetime suicidal ideation tended to be: younger, not married, with higher psychological distress, lower wellbeing, more recent adverse events, lower community and personal support, lower optimism, higher neuroticism, greater financial adversity, greater perceived need for services, and greater service use for mental health.
Consequently, from the ARMHS sub-analysis we identified two potential additional predictors of lifetime suicidal ideation: lower optimism (HOPES-12; AOR 0.21, p < 0.001) and a (Bonferroni-adjusted non-significant) trend for lower infrastructure and service accessibility (AOR 0.91, p = 0.007).
Although we did not measure pre-existing optimism, lowered age-expectations may partially explain the lack of association between mental components of health related quality of life and disease status.
