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It also had a profound effect on the quality of that sleep: it lowered sleep efficiency; the duration of stage-two sleep (the point at which our bodies prepare to enter deep sleep); and the spectral power of delta-wave frequencies (which are closely associated with the depth and quality of sleep).
Poor sleep quality and lowered sleep duration have been associated with a higher incidence of preterm birth [ 7] and glucose intolerance and gestational diabetes in pregnancy [ 8, 9].
Living environments are likely to differ in traffic-noise levels by neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage (i.e., high- and low-socioeconomic disadvantaged neighborhoods) (Havard et al. 2011), which may itself be associated with lowered sleep quality.
Women report greater subjective sleep disturbances and lowered sleep quality during the late-luteal phase when both estrogen and progesterone are declining and menstruation when both the hormones are low compared to the mid-follicular phase when estrogen is rising and progesterone is low [ 67, 68].
Similar(56)
In addition, patients presenting with a nondipping pattern of nocturnal blood pressure also had shorter sleep duration as well as longer sleep latency and lower sleep efficiency than patients with a normal dipping pattern of nocturnal blood pressure.
Our main results, based on information derived from one-week sleep diary and actigraphy, were earlier bedtimes, longer sleep latency and lower sleep efficiency in children with AS/HFA.
Results were concordant since patients with a nondipping blood pressure pattern had shorter sleep duration but longer sleep latency and lower sleep efficiency than patients with a dipping blood pressure pattern.
Taken together, the results show that reported nocturnal sweating is common in patients with OSA and is related to lower sleep quality and more daytime sleepiness in this patient group.
Around 10 40 PM, I am drifting off to sleep (am being lowered into sleep).
The main characteristics of this effect are short total sleep time (TST) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, a lower sleep efficiency index, and longer REM sleep latency.
Compared with healthy controls, MT patients had lower sleep efficiency, shorter total sleep time, more awakenings and shorter slow wave sleep (SWS).
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com