Sentence examples for lower water layers from inspiring English sources

Consequently, high biomass of plankton or suspended particles in the surface layer limits light penetration to the lower water layers (Litchman et al. 2004; Tadesse et al. 2004).

Such systems consist of three different water types: the regional fresh groundwater, and low and high salinity brines forming the upper and lower water layers of the stratified water body, respectively.

Biological processes strongly affect the composition of lake waters and are responsible to a significant degree for the compositional differences between the upper water layer (the epilimnion) and the lower water layer (the hypolimnion) of lakes.

The difference in temperature between the surface and the lower water layer can be as large as 50 °C (90 °F) over vertical distances of as little as 90 metres (about 300 feet) in some ocean areas.

The density difference between the upper and lower water layer was 1.737 g kg−1, and if we use Eq. 4 in Fig. 7, we see that the transport rate from the bottom layer would be 0.053% per hour.

In the final partitioning with butanol, the lower water layer was removed and concentrated under reduced pressure.

Comparison of the isotopic composition of sulfate and sulfide from the lower anoxic water layer during the DS meromictic stage, before the 1978 overturn (Steinhorn, 1985), pointed to bacterial sulfate reduction as the source of the sulfide because this microbially mediated process selects for S over S (Nissenbaum & Kaplan, 1976).

BSA layers show lower water content on the hydrophobic surface as the layer is thinner and more compact.

The difference seen in the THz signal can be explained by two facts: first, after lysis the bacteria lose their intracellular fluid, hence the THz absorption is decreased due to a lower water content of the layer; second, the structural change induced by the fragmentation of the cell wall influences the THz interaction with the constituents of the bacterial cell wall.

Also, the new embankment structure has lower water content in the upper layer and smaller frost heave and thawing settlement than the latter does.

The only way to mitigate a limnic gas burst is by artificially degassing the lake bottom waters, lowering pipes into the deep water layers, inducing degassing through the gas self-lift principle.